Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are immunoglobulins designed to target a specific epitope on an antigen. The antigen-binding region of the mAb is formed by the variable domains of the heavy and light chains and contains the complementarity-determining region that imparts high specificity for the target antigen. The monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) recognize only one epitope per antigen and are less likely than polyclonal antibodies to react against other proteins. Monoclonal antibodies can be used to identify specific antigens. Due to their essential functions in various areas, monoclonal antibodies have become popular molecules.
The first monoclonal antibody was generated in mice in 1975 by Milstein and Kohler using the hybridoma technique.
The most popular approach for creating monoclonal antibodies is still hybridoma production. The hybridomas that produce monoclonal antibodies from the stable fusions to develop in vitro are chosen, sub-cloned, and formed. These clones are then cultivated, and either the cells themselves or the lysates from the cell culture are used to purify the antibodies they make. Each monoclonal antibody's specificity is determined by its binding site on the target protein.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production (Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production | Microbiology | | Course Hero)
Alternative techniques for creating monoclonal antibodies have become available. The so-called "phage-display method" allowed for the specificity screening of recombinant antigen-binding antibodies from a library of fusions to a carrier phage protein. The constant region of recombinant antibodies may now be tailored due to significant advancements in their manufacture, leading to cell lines that can produce them. The benefit of this novel manufacturing approach is that it avoids the problems associated with a hybridoma's long-term stability, including the eventual loss of a priceless clone.
Advantages of Monoclonal Antibodies
(1) Batch to batch reproducibility
(2) The possibility of producing large amounts of identical antibodies
(3) Highly specific to a unique epitope
(4) Low cross-reactivity
(5) Most sensitive in tests where protein levels need to be quantified
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